نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
گروه فلسفهٔ اخلاق، دانشکده الهیات، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī presents two distinct views on how moral actions originate from humans: first, he discusses the interaction between the soul and the body and the role of faculties and bodily structure in the issuance of moral acts.In his second theory, the theory of the levels of souls, al-Rāzī divides humans into three categories: Muqarrabīn,Aṣḥāb al-Yamīn, and Aṣḥāb al-Shimāl, each possessing different moral capacities and statuses. The Muqarrabīn are immersed in divine knowledge the Aṣḥāb al-Yamīn have the potential for movement toward perfection and belong to the realm of moral knowledge; and the Aṣḥāb al-Shimāl lack any capability for moral transformation. Emphasizing the intrinsic and immutable nature of souls, Fakhr al-Dīn regards moral change as impossible for certain individuals.This perspective also relates to contemporary concepts of akrasia.In his proof of the essential difference between souls, he attributes moral differences in children to innate differences of the soul, rejecting the influence of the body and environment.However, this argument faces serious critiques, including neglect of genetic and prenatal factors, improper generalization from behavioral differences to essential differences, disregard for the mutability of children’s moral traits, and underestimation of early environmental effects.The rational and Qur’anic foundations of his viewpoint are thoroughly examined.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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